Welcome to Trauma Demystified, a podcast from Bright Horizon Therapies. I’m Natalie Jovanic—a trauma counsellor and resilience coach—and I’m glad to connect with you today.
First of all, I want to apologize for the late release of this episode. I needed additional time to balance what to include since recovery from complex trauma is a vast subject.
In today’s episode, “How to recover from complex trauma,” we’ll explore the nature of complex trauma, how it shapes our experiences, and, most importantly, the pathways to recovery. Healing from complex trauma is a journey, and I hope that this episode gives you insight and hope for your recovery.
My passion for trauma recovery comes from both my professional work and my lived experience. Growing up with childhood abuse, I know firsthand how deeply complex trauma can affect our sense of self, emotions, and relationships. I also know how much stigma still exists around it. But here’s what I want you to remember: If you’ve experienced complex trauma, you are not broken. You are not alone. Even amid struggle, you carry strengths that are invaluable to your healing.
In the memoir A Brave, True Story, I shared my healing journey from childhood abuse and the resilience it takes to heal. In my work with clients, I see that same courage daily. Recovery isn’t linear, and it doesn’t happen overnight. But it is possible. Healing happens in small, steady steps, and each step you take matters.
As always, take care of yourself while listening. If anything feels overwhelming, it’s okay to pause, take a break, or return when you are ready. Take what resonates with you, and leave the rest. Please note that this episode is like planting a seed. I’ll share the concepts as an initial idea, but please remember that they can be more complex than I can explain in this episode.
Now, let’s dive into today’s episode.
Nature of complex trauma
Difference between complex trauma and single-incident trauma
Let’s look at what complex trauma is and how it differs from single-incident trauma. Many people use the word “trauma” broadly, but understanding the distinction can help you find the best options for your recovery.
Single-incident trauma happens when we experience one or more distressing events that overwhelm our ability to process them emotionally. These events have a clear beginning and end, meaning a person can return to safety once they are over.
In contrast, complex trauma occurs in ongoing unsafe or violent environments. The harm is repetitive and prolonged, making it difficult or impossible to escape. Since complex trauma often involves relational trauma, it can affect our ability to trust, form secure relationships, and feel safe in the world. Overall, complex trauma is the most common form of trauma for which people seek support.
Definition of complex trauma
Complex trauma refers to the profound and enduring emotional, neurological, and relational adaptations that arise from repeated exposure to overwhelming experiences. These often occur during early life or within relationships. Such experiences can create challenges—such as trust, self-regulation, and identity issues—but they also shape a person’s strengths.
Too often, we focus solely on the painful symptoms of complex trauma, but we overlook something important: People with complex trauma also develop powerful inner resources and live successful lives. Just to give you an idea, people with complex trauma often have:
- Creative coping strategies
- Profound inner wisdom and intuition
- Deep empathy for others
- Accountability
- Higher awareness of relational and social dynamics
- The ability to navigate adversity
Therefore, I invite you to reflect not only on the symptoms you may be experiencing but also on the inner strengths and wisdom you already carry. Furthermore, symptoms will improve and can entirely disappear during your trauma recovery.
Common causes of complex trauma
Here are some common causes that might lead to complex trauma. Remember that the impact of a traumatic environment is different for each person. Therefore, some people may develop complex trauma while others may not. If I share this list, be curious and use it for self-reflection. Furthermore, keep in mind that this list may not be exhaustive. If your situation is not on the list, it doesn’t mean it isn’t valid.
Overview of experiences that can cause complex trauma
Complex trauma can occur due to childhood abuse or growing up in a dysfunctional family. Additionally, being bullied at school may contribute to complex trauma. During childhood, complex trauma is often called developmental trauma or adverse childhood experiences. Generally, we are unable to handle these complex dynamics in our developmental years; as children, we lack the capacity to do so. If you have faced childhood abuse, the age at which it happened significantly impacts your recovery.
Moreover, we risk developing complex trauma if we endure prolonged domestic violence or abusive relationships in adulthood or if we face systemic violence such as racism and oppression. Additional factors that may lead to complex trauma include living in a war zone or fleeing our home countries to become refugees.
If you want to delve deeper, please check out the episode “Smart Goals for Trauma Recovery,” where I presented three categories of trauma. Complex trauma falls into categories two and three. These categories may provide additional insights on how to explore your story, and I’ll leave a link in the description.
Impact of complex trauma
Medical model’s ineffectiveness in healing from complex trauma
Before exploring the impact of complex trauma, I want to emphasize that Western psychology often holds stigmatizing views on this issue, as it is primarily based on the medical model.
Therefore, it often attempts to simplify the complex dynamics that occur in our psyche after experiencing complex trauma to something as straightforward as a broken bone. Consequently, it frequently pathologizes intelligent survival strategies as disorders or stigmatizes individuals as if they are forever broken. These assumptions misalign with our current understanding of trauma and can impose an additional layer of harm on those who have faced complex trauma.
For instance, it took me a long time to recognize and address how I had internalized stigma. I truly felt its impact after publishing my memoir. Before that, I harboured the naïve hope that stigma would fade away, but it never did. Reflecting on my recovery, I can honestly say that the pain of stigma was as profound as the violence I experienced as a child.
It was a difficult lesson for me to learn that while I was able to escape abusive family dynamics, I couldn’t escape social stigma because it is systemic. Over time, I discovered empowering ways to manage it. I don’t know how stigma has affected you, but I invite you to reflect on how you might have internalized stigmatizing ideas.
Western psychology often ignores systemic harm
Moreover, Western psychology typically focuses on the individual while neglecting the systemic harm caused by racism, oppression, and colonization. The field remains centred around whiteness, and much of the research fails to acknowledge the profound impact of oppression on BIPOC individuals and other marginalized groups. Additionally, clever methods of resisting oppression are often misinterpreted as pathology instead of being understood within their systemic context. For example, silence in the face of racism can frequently be a form of self-preservation and resistance.
Without an understanding of systemic violence, Western psychology operates under the false assumption that “we are all the same.” This perspective is neither healthy nor accurate for the diverse world in which we live. Such a mindset can lead to victim-blaming, where the individual targeted by oppression is blamed for their experience and unfairly burdened.
Similar to social stigma, even if you have healed from complex trauma, you will still encounter systemic oppression if you are trans, queer, a person of colour, Black, Indigenous, or have other marginalized identities. It’s crucial to find strategies to empower yourself and resist as you continue your journey of trauma recovery. Please understand that any form of oppression is harmful and unacceptable. While it may be beyond your control whether the dominant group changes, you still have the power to explore strategies to navigate and resist these forces.
While I address oppression in this episode, I may not have covered all the specific contexts that shape your experience. Therefore, I invite you to reflect on how oppression impacts your life based on where you live and the unique dynamic in your community.
Why understanding complex trauma symptoms matters
Many people who have experienced complex trauma may not fully remember what happened to them, but they live with the symptoms every day. Recognizing these symptoms can be an important step in understanding your experiences. It’s essential to realize that these symptoms are not signs of weakness or brokenness. Instead, they are intelligent coping mechanisms that your nervous system developed to help you survive overwhelming and extreme situations.
Understanding the symptoms of complex trauma can guide you toward the appropriate support for your recovery. It helps you recognize patterns of behaviour, emotions, or physical reactions not as something to feel ashamed of but as protective strategies that were logical at the time, even if they no longer serve you today.
Focusing on symptoms does not diminish your strengths, resilience, or lived experiences. Many of these symptoms possess a protective intention, even if they manifest in ways you find distressing or challenging. A key step in healing is to embrace curiosity and compassion toward your symptoms, allowing you to understand them better and gently transform them.
People who have experienced complex trauma may struggle with emotional regulation, feeling overwhelmed by emotions like shame, fear, anger, or feeling numb. They may experience chronic anxiety, depression, or a sense of emptiness. Difficulties with trust, relationships, and boundary-setting are common, along with persistent feelings of danger or hypervigilance. Many also experience flashbacks, dissociation, body memories, low self-worth, or harsh inner critical voices. Physical symptoms can include sleep disturbances, fatigue, chronic pain, or digestive issues. Furthermore, they may use substances to regulate their nervous system. Because complex trauma affects both body and mind, recovery requires a holistic approach that addresses these symptoms on multiple levels.
How to recover from complex trauma
Before we dive deeper into the healing journey, let’s clarify one thing: recovery isn’t about “fixing” yourself or striving to be “normal.” The concept of normal is very complicated when it comes to human existence. Our lived experience and cultural background highly influence what is normal or not. Healing is about personal growth, self-discovery, and embracing your full potential. It’s about becoming more of who you truly are.
This is why healing cannot be confined to rigid diagnostic categories that ignore the context of trauma. Furthermore, traditional Western Psychology tends to look at their concepts as being superior to alternative healing approaches, which isn’t true. Ideally, all approaches complement each other. In my recovery, I found that approaches like systemic constellations and parts work were significantly more effective for my healing than conventional psychotherapy. I also discovered Zen meditation and Ashtanga yoga, which integrated seamlessly into my recovery. I share this not to suggest a specific path but to encourage you to explore what resonates with you. Healing is deeply personal, and your journey will unfold uniquely.
Outdated psychological models have suggested that individuals with complex trauma can merely “manage symptoms.” However, we now understand that this notion is false. With increasing research in neuroplasticity and neurogenesis, we recognize that the brain has the capacity for profound healing. Although this process requires patience and persistence, generations of people who overcame complex trauma have demonstrated that genuine and lasting healing is achievable—not solely through symptom management but by reclaiming wholeness and meaning.
Principles for complex trauma recovery
Start where you are
My first invitation for you is that you start where you are. One of the most challenging yet powerful steps in healing is taking an honest look at where you are:
- How connected do you feel to your body?
- What emotions or parts of yourself do you struggle with?
- What is your relationship with yourself like?
- How well can you regulate your emotions?
- What patterns do you see in your relationships?
While it may feel uncomfortable to recognize gaps or difficulties, this awareness is where your power lies. Healing from complex trauma is like peeling an onion—layer by layer, with time and persistence, you get closer to your authentic self.
Know your why
Healing complex trauma is a transformational change process. There will be moments of difficulty, times when parts of you may want to give up. That’s why knowing your motivation matters. What drives you to begin this journey?
For example, I started an intense healing process after my relationship fell apart. I noticed patterns I didn’t like, such as not respecting my boundaries and turning to self-injury when arguments became too intense. My motivation to heal myself was to build healthy relationships and be a healthy parent. I didn’t want to pass down the patterns that had shaped me. While my path didn’t unfold the way I had hoped, the deeper drive to create healthy connections kept me going, even through grief and difficulty.
So, I invite you to explore your motivation. What is your why? What deeper reason keeps you moving forward, even when healing feels tough?
A journey of growth
My third invitation is to view healing as a journey of growth. In fact, I would go so far as to say that recovery is your hero’s journey. Joseph Campbell’s words, “The cave you fear to enter holds the treasure you seek,” deeply resonated with me during my recovery from complex trauma. Each time I faced the dark places of trauma, I was able to reclaim parts of myself that had been lost.
Healing isn’t about self-judgment or labelling but practicing curiosity, gentleness, and self-awareness. Instead of asking, “What’s wrong with me?” consider asking, “What is happening inside me? What can I learn from this? What small shift could help me feel more fulfilled?” Treat your inner world with the same care and compassion you would offer a dear friend.
However, healing is also a paradox. Self-compassion and curiosity don’t always come easily. Sometimes, strong inner voices arise—voices that are critical or even carry self-hatred. In those moments, the practice isn’t about forcing kindness. Instead, try turning curiosity toward those parts. What are they trying to protect? What do they need to be heard? Even the most painful inner voices often hold a message.
If self-compassion feels out of reach, try being a neutral observer of your inner world. You don’t have to force warmth or kindness—simply witnessing your experiences without judgment can be a powerful first step.
Working toward inner attunement
I also invite you to work towards inner attunement. Recovery involves reconnecting with your innate wisdom and shifting your focus from the external world to internal attunement. Even if it feels inaccessible now, trust that this inner wisdom exists within you. This journey starts with observing your emotions and physical sensations, learning to understand them, and responding with care. Over time, this shift from an external locus of control to an internal one fosters deeper healing and resilience.
Many practices supporting this process— meditation, yoga, self-reflection, somatic practices, and parts work—have roots beyond Western psychology. For example, when I began Zen meditation, it became a vital part of my healing journey, and I continue to practice it today. Many practices you engage in during recovery are not just about healing; they are part of living a healthy and fulfilling life.
That said, for those with complex trauma, reconnecting with the body can be challenging. It’s important to move at a pace that feels safe and to respect the parts of yourself that may fear being in your body. Healing is not about forcing yourself into discomfort but about gently expanding your capacity to be present with yourself.
Wherever you are in your journey, know that you can heal, grow, and move toward a more fulfilling life.
How to recover from complex trauma: Where to start your healing journey
First, I want to clarify how I use the term “parts” in this conversation. In this context, parts refer to different aspects of your inner experience—your emotions, your roles, and parts of you holding traumatic wounds. It’s important to remember that these patterns are not your entire identity; they are simply parts of you. I hope this distinction makes sense. If you’d like to dive deeper into parts work, check out the episode on parts work therapy. I’ll leave a link in the bio.
Improving emotional regulation
Healing from complex trauma shares a key element with trauma recovery: learning to regulate the nervous system. For deeper insights into this, you can check out the episode on Polyvagal Theory and the one about the Window of Tolerance. These episodes offer practices you can use to ground yourself.
Since complex trauma often involves relational aspects, I encourage you to start with Polyvagal Theory, as it explains how your nervous system may respond to cues of danger in both your relationships and your environment. I’ll include links to these episodes in the description for you.
Get to know your different parts
The next step in healing complex trauma is learning to recognize your different parts. This is a big topic, so in this episode, I’ll focus specifically on parts that tend to form through relational wounding.
Relational wounding is a core feature of complex trauma. Because of this, you likely have different parts—whether protective or wounded—that show up in your relationships. Some common parts include those that carry the fear of abandonment or rejection, parts that avoid conflict or struggle to set boundaries, and parts that hold attachment wounds. You might also notice parts that are stuck in a trauma response. Some may feel shut down, numb, or disconnected (what we call hypo-aroused), while others may feel anxious, hyper-vigilant, or reactive (hyper-aroused).
Regarding attachment-related wounding, you may recognize parts that are anxiously attached, avoidantly attached, or parts that feel torn between the two (disorganized attachment). It’s also important to know that your parts may only show up in specific situations or under stress. For example, if your partner has an anxiously attached part, it might trigger your avoidantly attached part—and vice versa. This can create confusing dynamics, but it’s also a valuable opportunity to learn about yourself.
In fact, starting a new relationship, ending one, or even considering leaving one can bring these parts to the surface. These are often powerful times to get to know the parts of you that carry old wounds or protective patterns. Therefore, they are valuable opportunities to deepen your healing.
Once you start recognizing a part, the next step is to build a relationship with it. You can do this by journaling with that part, talking to it with kindness, or even doing activities that help it feel safe and seen. I’ll go much deeper into how to work with your parts in future episodes, but if you’d like to get started now, feel free to email me at nat@brighthorizontherapies.com, and I’ll send you a free worksheet to begin this practice.
If you want to learn more immediately, you can also listen to my earlier episode about parts work therapy. And if you’re curious about how to calm an activated part, check out my episode on Effective Trauma Counselling Techniques. I’ll leave both links in the description.
Increasing your safety
Many people with complex trauma struggle with feeling safe, and safety is a broad topic influenced by many factors, including your intersectionality. I won’t be able to cover everything in this episode, but I plan to explore this more in the future. In general, physical safety is essential for your recovery journey. If you don’t have an appropriate level of physical safety, the first step is establishing physical safety. Additionally, it’s important to avoid potentially dangerous situations as you begin your recovery, including distancing yourself from people who engage in abusive behaviours.
Once you have physical safety, the next step is to work on your boundaries and find practices to help you build inner safety. To assist with this, I’ll leave a healthy boundaries quiz in the description below to help you evaluate your boundaries. You can also explore various books on boundary-setting.
How to recover from complex trauma: Professional support
In general, it can be beneficial to find appropriate support if you recover from complex trauma. However, it can be challenging since not every counsellor is trained or experienced in working with complex trauma. People usually have some painful experiences with past mental health professionals that make it hard to reach out for help again. I hope that the following explanation helps you to find the support you deserve.
Counsellors for complex trauma
Given that complex trauma often involves relational wounding, your mental health professional must be capable of fostering a healthy, safe relationship with you. This goes beyond simply respecting your boundaries—it requires the counsellor to model healthy relational behaviours and create a space where trust can develop. A key aspect of this is their ability to manage the innate power imbalance in the therapeutic relationship healthily. If you belong to a group that faces systemic oppression, your counsellor should be aware of their privilege and navigate these dynamics with sensitivity and accountability.
In addition, a skilled trauma counsellor needs to regulate their autonomic nervous system to support co-regulation with you. For example, I tell my clients that there may be times when I unintentionally trigger their autonomic nervous system, either through a specific action or even just by being in the room. If this happens, and their nervous system becomes dysregulated, my responsibility is to help them co-regulate to create new possibilities for processing this experience.
Likewise, if my autonomic nervous system becomes dysregulated, we both risk falling back into habitual survival patterns, which hinders the healing process. As outlined in Polyvagal Theory, the counsellor must be able to nurture coregulation. Overall, you would need to look for a counsellor who is trained in trauma counselling since traditional talk therapy is not sufficient for trauma recovery.
It’s also important to note that working with complex trauma can sometimes activate the trauma counsellors’s own unresolved experiences. In such cases, a competent mental health professional must take responsibility for these activated parts of themselves, ensuring they don’t interfere with the session. This self-awareness is vital for creating a truly healing environment.
The role of zen meditation in trauma counselling
Research has shown that Zen meditation can be a valuable practice for mental health professionals. Studies suggest that clients of therapists who regularly engage in Zen meditation often experience better treatment outcomes.
As a trauma counsellor and coach who has practiced Zen meditation for many years, I’m always pleased to see research affirming what I’ve experienced personally. I initially discovered Zen meditation during my own recovery from complex trauma. Over time, it became much more than a tool—it has become a steady and supportive companion on my healing and professional journey.
My meditation practice helps me stay present, calm, and grounded when I work with clients. It allows me to hold space for their emotions and experiences without becoming overwhelmed, allowing me to remain responsible and attuned to their needs.
Additionally, Zen meditation increases my self-awareness. It helps me notice and care for my emotional parts, so they don’t unconsciously show up in the therapeutic space. This ongoing practice supports both my well-being and the well-being of my clients.
Why recovery from complex trauma needs an individualized, experiential approach
Unfortunately, the field of counselling still often favours a one-size-fits-all approach to trauma counselling. However, this method is seldom effective for complex trauma. Research indicates that clients experience better treatment outcomes and enhanced quality of care when they receive a personalized approach to trauma recovery.
For this reason, it is essential to find a mental health professional who can integrate a variety of bottom-up (body-based) and top-down (cognitive) treatment approaches. To learn more about this, check out my podcast episode, “What are the best practices for trauma treatment.” (I will leave the link in the description.)
The importance of a holistic, experiential approach to healing complex trauma
True trauma healing requires a holistic model—one that includes the body, mind, emotions, and even the imagination. Imagination is often an overlooked yet powerful tool in trauma recovery.
It’s important to remember that there is no single “best” trauma treatment. There is no hierarchy. The most effective approach is the one that works best for you, and it may shift as you move through different stages of your healing journey.
Trauma recovery is inherently experiential. It’s not something that can be fully resolved by simply talking about the trauma. Healing happens through direct experience—through feeling, sensing, and connecting with what’s happening at the moment.
Experiential methods help people process trauma in the body, allowing access to emotions, sensations, and implicit memories that often can’t be reached through words alone.
Experiential approaches invite you to engage with your emotions, sensations, and body awareness. Furthermore, they focus on the here and now instead of re-telling traumatic stories. They also encourage expression beyond language, using movement, art, imagery, or somatic awareness. Additionally, they gently guide you to access implicit memories that may be nonverbal. Last but not least, they increase awareness about trauma responses like fight, flight, freeze and fawn and work towards reconnecting you with a state of safety and connection.
Common experiential approaches
Here are some of the experiential approaches I often use and recommend:
Parts work therapy (e.g., IFS, Inner Child Work):
Parts work therapy involves connecting with different “parts” of yourself—often including wounded, protective, or younger parts. While Internal Family Systems (IFS) has become the most visible and widely marketed parts work model, there are many different approaches out there. Inner child work is one of them, and Janina Fisher’s work also integrates parts work. While I draw from different parts work approaches, I often integrate it with EMDR to support more profound healing.
EMDR therapy:
I frequently use Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) to help clients resolve traumatic experiences. However, EMDR alone is rarely enough to heal complex trauma. That’s why I integrate it with other approaches, such as parts work and somatic practices.
Somatic approaches (e.g., Somatic Experiencing, Sensorimotor Psychotherapy):
Somatic approaches help individuals reconnect with their bodies, notice sensations, and release stuck trauma energy. While I’m not formally trained in Sensorimotor Psychotherapy, I’ve completed training by Janina Fisher who uses this approach. I always approach this work gently because reconnecting with the body can feel unsafe for people with complex trauma.
Systemic/ family constellations:
Systemic constellation work is an experiential method that enables you to feel and observe patterns of family and systemic trauma. Although this modality is often criticized by traditional Western psychotherapy, it has been transformative in my healing journey. I later trained in this approach, incorporating it alongside parts work to support clients.
Expressive arts therapy:
Expressive arts therapy utilizes art, movement, music, or writing to assist in processing emotions and trauma. These approaches provide a creative and non-verbal means to express feelings and memories that may not be accessible through conversation alone.
Mindfulness and body-based practices:
These include yoga, breathwork, meditation, and guided visualization. Simple practices such as safe place exercises can help regulate your nervous system and promote healing.
Final thoughts on trauma recovery
Recovery from complex trauma is never a linear journey. It requires a personalized, holistic approach that integrates the body, mind, and emotions. If you’d like to learn more about EMDR and parts work therapy in trauma recovery, I’ve included links in the description.
Challenges and myths
Lastly, let’s address some common challenges and myths around trauma recovery.
“We can just move on and get over it with willpower.”
A common myth is that we should just “move on” from trauma with sheer willpower. While it’s understandable to want to move past what’s happened, the reality is that healing requires processing and integrating what has occurred. Depending on the severity of your experiences, some healing may happen on your own. However, having appropriate professional support can significantly help in your healing journey.
Working with avoidant parts
It’s normal to have parts that want to avoid trauma or feelings—these parts are trying to protect you from pain. While it’s important to integrate these parts into the healing process, we mustn’t let them control our lives. These parts may resist trauma recovery or make excuses to avoid regular sessions. Getting curious about these parts and bringing them into your healing work with a mental health professional is the key. It’s not about eliminating them; it’s about collaborating with them to find balance. Progress is more likely when we commit to regular sessions and explore these parts.
Healing fatigue
Many people experience frustration or exhaustion in their healing journey from complex trauma. It’s common for parts of you to believe that you should be healed by now or that something is wrong if you’re not progressing at the pace you expect. Remember that recovery doesn’t mean you’ll never face challenges again, nor will it guarantee constant happiness. Emotions, both difficult and pleasant, are an essential part of being human—they guide us in understanding our needs and boundaries.
I invite you to reflect on incremental changes in your journey, like a 1% improvement. This can help shift the focus from an unrealistic “zero to 100%” mentality. It’s helpful to focus on one specific inner system or theme to track progress more clearly. For example, choose a particular part you want to work with or focus on improving your boundaries or managing conflict. These will guide you in connecting with the parts associated with these themes, and you may see progress more clearly in this area.
Conclusion – How to recovery from complex trauma
Complex trauma can leave deep marks on both the body and mind, but healing is possible. In today’s episode, I discussed why understanding the symptoms of complex trauma is an important step toward recovery and how these symptoms often serve as clever survival strategies. Throughout this podcast, I will continue to explore different aspects of trauma healing and provide practical insights to support your journey.
If you found this episode helpful, please subscribe to the podcast and share it with anyone who might benefit from it. If you have questions or would like me to cover a specific topic in a future episode, please message me at nat@brighthorizontherapies.com. Remember — recovery is possible, and you don’t have to navigate this path alone.
Sources
This article is informed by my professional training, lived experience in trauma recovery, ongoing study, professional practice, and the works of trusted authors and organizations in trauma recovery, mental health, and social justice. The references below include the books, trainings, and evidence-based resources that shaped the ideas discussed here:
Fisher, J. (2023). Janina Fisher’s Trauma treatment certification training (CCTP): The latest proven techniques to resolve deeply held trauma [Online course]. PESI
Greenwald, R. (2020). EMDR basic training, approved by the EMDR International Association (EMDRIA). [Online course]. Trauma Institute & Child Trauma Institute
Davis, E., & Marchand, J. (2021). Attachment and dissociation assessment and treatment. [Online course]. R. Cassidey Seminars
Haines, S. (2022). Safety, belonging, and dignity: Using the generative power of somatics to heal individual and systemic trauma. [Online course]. Academy of Therapy Wisdom
Herman, J. L. (1992). Trauma and recovery: The aftermath of violence—from domestic abuse to political terror. Basic Books.
